Antibiotic Usage Info
Aminoglycosides
Amikacin (Amikin)
Gentamicin (Garamycin)
Tobramycin (Nebcin)
Cephalosporins (general considerations)
-
- Divided into four generations
- First generation covers Gram (+) organisms primarily, but also covers E. coli, Proteus, Klebsiella.
- Second generation agents have broader spectrum, including Haemophilus influenzae. Two (cefotetan and cefoxitin) have activity against anaerobes including B. fragilis
- Third generation possess strong Gram (-) activity.
- Ceftazidime (Fortaz, 3rd generation) and Cefepime (Maxipime, 4th generation) have activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
- No cephalosporins are active against enterococci.
- Safe to use in pregnancy.
- Dosage adjustment is required for renal impairment.
- Ceftriaxone is eliminated via the biliary tract.
- Five cephalosporins cross the bloodbrain barrier:
Cephalosporins (first generation)
- Cephalexin (Keflex)
- Appropriate Use
-
- Spectrum
- Staph and non-enterococcal Strep infections, E. coli, Klebsiella, P. mirabilis.
- Precautions
-
- Adult Dose
- PO 500 mg bid (UTI)
- PO 500 mg qid
- Cost
- $9-18
- Cefazolin (Ancef, Kefzol)
- Appropriate Use
- Pyelonephritis.
Drug of choice for perioperative phophylaxis in surgery not involving the GI or female genital tract. - Spectrum
- Staph and non-enterococcal Strep infections, E. coli, Klebsiella, P. mirabilis.
- Precautions
-
- Adult Dose
- 0.5-1.0 gm q8h IV or IM.
- Prophylaxis
- 1 gm 30 min prior to surgery and 0.5-1 gm q6h-q8h x 3 doses
- Cost
-
- Cefadroxil (Duricef)
- Appropriate Use
-
- Spectrum
- Staph and non-enterococcal Strep infections, E. coli, Klebsiella, P. mirabilis.
- Precautions
-
- Adult Dose
- PO 500 mg bid
- Cost
- $65 / 10d
Cephalosporins (second generation)
- Cefaclor (Ceclor)
- Appropriate Use
- Previously promoted for respiratory and ear infections possibly involving H. influenzae.
Now may not be first choice for any indication. - Spectrum
- Increasing resistance of H. influenzae and S. pneumoniae becoming an issue.
- Precautions
-
- Adult Dose
- Cefaclor PO 500 mg tid
- Ceclor CD PO 500 mg bid
- Cost
- $90-115 / 10d
Cefuroxime (Ceftin, Kefurox, Zinacef)
- Cefpodoxime (Vantin)
- Appropriate Use
-
- Spectrum
-
- Precautions
-
- Adult Dose
- PO 200 mg bid
- Cost
- $90 / 10d
Cefprozil
- Cefprozil (Cefzil)
- Appropriate Use
-
- Spectrum
-
- Precautions
-
- Adult Dose
- PO 500 mg bid
- Cost
- $134 / 10d
Loracarbef
- Cefotetan (Cefotan)
- Appropriate Use
- Mild to moderate infections involving B. fragilis.
- Prophylactic use in abdominal, pelvic, colorectal, and C-section surgical procedures.
- Spectrum
- Enterobacteriaceae, some anaerobes (B. fragilis, Clostridium). More gram neg activity than cefazolin.
- Precautions
-
- Adult Dose
- 1-2 gm IV q12h.
- 1-2 gm deep IM q12h.
- Prophylaxis
- 1-2 gm IV 30-60 min prior to surgery.
- Cost
- Approximately twice the cost of cefazolin.
- Cefoxitin (Mefoxin)
- Appropriate Use
- Similar to cefotetan, but administered q4-6hr.
- Mild to moderate infections involving B. fragilis.
- Prophylactic use in abdominal, pelvic, colorectal, and C-section surgical procedures.
- Spectrum
- Enterobacteriaceae, some anaerobes (B. fragilis, Clostridium). More gram neg activity than cefazolin.
- Precautions
-
- Adult Dose
- 1-2 gm IV q4-6h.
- 1-2 gm deep IM q6h.
- Prophylaxis
- 1-2 gm IV 30 min prior to surgery.
- Cost
- More costly than cefotetan (because of more frequent dosing).
Cephalosporins (third generation)
- Cefixime (Suprax)
- Appropriate Use
-
- Spectrum
- Strong Gram (-) activity.
- Weakly active against S. pneumoniae.
- Adult Dose
-
- Cost
-
- Ceftibuten (Cedax)
- Appropriate Use
- Do not use; penicillins are still drug of choice for strep pharyngitis.
- Spectrum
- Similar to cefixime (Suprax).
- Strong Gram (-) activity.
- Weakly active against S. pneumoniae.
- Not active against Staphylococci.
- Adult Dose
- PO 400 mg daily.
- Cost
- $80 for 10 days.
- Cefdinir (Omnicef)
- Appropriate Use
- Indicated for community-acquired pneumonia, chronic bronchitis, acute sinusitis, phyaryngitis, skin infections.
- Spectrum
- Spectrum similar to cefpodoxime.
- Precautions
-
- Adult Dose
- PO 600 mg qd or 300 mg bid.
- Cost
- $81 for 10 days.
- Cefotaxime (Claforan)
- Appropriate Use
- Indicated for meningitis in infants and children, life-threatening pneumonia in infants and children and sepsis in neonates (with ampicillin) and children. Also indicated for pneumonia in adults over 40 years, septic arthritis, epiglottitis, gonorrhea and disseminated gonococcal infections and Lyme Disease with carditis.
- Spectrum
- Primarily active against many gram neg organisms but is active against some gram pos Staph and Strep species.
- Adult Dose
- IV/IM 1-2 gm q8h.
- Gonorrhea: IM 1 gm single dose.
- Dose reduction recommended for patients with impaired renal function.
- Cost
- Approx. 1/3 the cost of a comparable dose of Ceftriaxone and 3/4 that of Ceftazidime
- Ceftizoxime (Cefizox)
- Ceftriaxone (Rocephin)
- Appropriate Use
- Indicated for meningitis in both children and adults and life threatening pneumonias. Spectrum similar to Cefotaxime with the advantage of once or twice daily dosing.
- Spectrum
- Primarily active against gram neg organisms, but some gram pos activity also.
- Adult Dose
- 1-2 gm q12-24h IV or IM
- Gonorrhea
- 250 mg IM single dose
- Cost
- Approx. 6 times the cost of Cefazolin and 3 times the cost of Cefotaxime and Cefotetan.
- Ceftazidime (Fortaz, Tazicef, Tazidime)
- Appropriate Use
- Indicated primarily in multi-resistant gram neg infections and infections due to P. aeruginosa.
- Spectrum
- Less gram pos activity than Cefotaxime, similar gram neg activity with better Pseudomonas coverage.
- Adult Dose
- 1 gm q8h IV or IM
- Cost
- Approx. 10-20% more than Cefotaxime per gram.
Cephalosporins (fourth generation)
- Cefepime (Maxipime)
- Appropriate Use
-
- Spectrum
- Active against Pseudomonas, but less so than ceftazidime.
- Stronger Gram (+) coverage than 3rd generation agents.
- Adult Dose
- Parenteral, 1 gm q 12 hr.
- Adjust dose for renal function.
- Cost
- $32 per day.
Macrolides
- Azithromycin (Zithromax)
- Appropriate Use
- Used IV as initial therapy of community-acquired pneumonia and PID, followed by oral azithromycin.
- Used orally for single-dose treatment of STD's. Advantages are ease of use and improved/observed compliance.
- Spectrum
- Atypicals. B. burgdorferi.
- Precautions
- IV: 3-6.5% injection site reaction.
- PO: Occasional GI side effects.
- Adult Dose
- IV: 500 mg daily.
- PO: 500 mg day 1, 250 mg days 2-5.
- Haemophilus ducreyi: 1 gm single dose.
- Chlamydia: 1 gm single dose.
- Gonorrhea: 2 gm single dose.
- Cost
- IV: approx. $18 per day.
- PO: $44 for 5 days.
- PO: $21 for 1gm single dose.
- Clarithromycin (Biaxin)
- Appropriate Use
-
- Spectrum
- Atypicals, Helicobacter pylori.
- Precautions
-
- Adult Dose
- PO: 500 mg bid x 7-10d.
- Cost
- $66
- Erythromycin
- Appropriate Use
- Can be used in pregnancy for STD treatment.
- Spectrum
- Atypicals (diphtheria, pertussis)
- Precautions
- Generally not recommended since less effective and more GI side effects than azithromycin and clarithromycin.
- Erythromycin base
- Adult Dose
- PO: 500 mg qid x 7d.
- Cost
- $7 /7d
- Erythromycin ethylsuccinate (E.E.S., Pediamycin)
- Adult Dose
- PO: 800 mg qid x 7d.
- Cost
- $16 /7d
Miscellaneous Agents
- Aztreonam (Azactam)
- Appropriate Use
- Serious infections of skin, lower resp tract, urinary tract with gram (-) organisms.
- Abdominal, pelvic, or postoperative infections.
- Spectrum
- Gram (-) organisms, including Pseudomonas.
- Precautions
-
- Adult Dose
- UTI: IV/IM 0.5-1 gm q8-12h
- Systemic infections: IV 1-2 gm q8-12h
- Life-threatening infections: IV 2gm q6-8h
- Cost
- `
Chloramphenicol (Chloromycetin)
- Clindamycin (Cleocin)
- Appropriate Use
- Gram (+) bacterial infections, including Staph aureus.
- Anaerobic infections including Bacteroides fragilis
- Treatment of vaginal bacteriosis.
- Spectrum
- Gram (+) organisms and anaerobes, incl Bacteroides fragilis.
- Precautions
- Dose does not need to be adjusted in renal dysfunction.
- Adult Dose
- PO 150-450 mg q6h.
- IV 300-900 mg q6-12h.
- IM 300-600 mg q6-12h.
- Vaginal bacteriosis: 2% cream 5g intravaginally at HS x 7 days.
- Alternative: PO 300mg bid x 7 days.
- Alternative: 100mg vaginal tab at HS x 3 days.
- Cost
-
- Doxycycline (Vibramycin)
- Appropriate Use
- Effective for chlamydia, lower cost but more doses than azithromycin.
- Suitable for treatment of VRE (vancomycin-resistant enterococci).
- Spectrum
-
- Precautions
- Causes occasional GI problems or photosensitivity.
- Contraindicated in pregnancy.
- Adult Dose
- PO: 100 mg bid x 7 days.
- Cost
- $8 /7d.
- Ertapenem (Invanz)
- Appropriate Use
- Moderate to severe infections in adults.
- Spectrum
- Gram (+) and gram (-) infections, aerobic and anaerobic, incl Pseudomonas.
- Precautions
- Do NOT use in the presence of renal dysfunction.
- Adult Dose
- IV or IM: 1 gm daily.
- Cost
-
- Fosfomycin (Monurol)
- Appropriate Use
- Single-dose treatment of acute uncomplicated UTI in women.
- Less effective than 7-10 days of TMP-SMX.
- Pregnancy category B.
- Diarrhea side effect in 9%.
- Spectrum
- Effective against E. coli and Enterococcus faecalis but not Pseudomonas.
- Adult Dose
- PO: 3 gm single-dose packet (orange flavored powder).
- Cost
- $26 / dose.
- Imipenem (Primaxin)
- Appropriate Use
-
- Spectrum
- Gram (+) and gram (-) infections, incl Pseudomonas.
- Precautions
- Do NOT use in the presence of renal dysfunction.
- Adult Dose
-
- Cost
-
- Linezolid (Zyvox)
- Appropriate Use
- Indicated for vancomycin-resistant E. faecium and methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus infections.
- Spectrum
- Similar to vancomycin.
- Precautions
- Nonselective MAO inhibitor - avoid tyramine in diet.
- Potential interaction with serotonergic agents.
- Can cause thrombocytopenia in 1-10%. (Check platelet count weekly if used more than 2 weeks.)
- Adult Dose
- PO 600 mg q12h.
IV 600 mg q12h. - Cost
-
- Metronidazole (Flagyl, Flagyl ER)
- Appropriate Use
- Anaerobic bacterial infections.
- Treatment of pelvic inflammatory disease.
- Treatment of C. difficile colitis.
- Treatment of vaginal bacteriosis.
- Treatment of vaginal trichomoniasis.
- Treatment of giardiasis and amebiasis.
- Spectrum
- Anaerobes, incl Bacteroides fragilis.
- Garderella vaginalis, Giardia lamblia, Entameba histolytica.
- Precautions
- Avoid alcohol - causes Antabuse-like effect.
- Avoid use in 1st trimester of pregnancy.
- Adult Dose
- Bacterial infections: PO 500 mg q6-8h x 7-14 days.
- Vaginal bacteriosis: PO 2 gm single dose or PO 500 mg bid x 7 days.
- Trichomoniasis: PO 2 gm single dose or PO 375-500 mg bid x 7 days or 1 gm bid x 2 doses.
- Giardiasis: PO 250 mg tid x 5-7 days or PO 2 gm qd x 3 days.
- PID: PO 500 mg bid x 14 days (with another agent).
- C. difficile colitis: PO 500 mg tid or 250 mg qid x 7-14 days.
- Intestinal amebiasis: PO 750 mg tid x 7-10 days.
- Amebic abscess: PO 500-750 mg tid x 7-10 days.
- Cost
-
- Minocycline (Minocin)
- Appropriate Use
- Treatment of MSRA (Methicillin-Resistant Staph Aureus), instead of Vancomycin or in addition to Vancomycin.
- Treatment of acne vulgaris.
- Treatment of gonorrhea and syphilis.
- Spectrum
-
- Precautions
-
- Adult Dose
-
-
- Cost
-
- Nitrofurantoin (Macrodantin, Macrobid)
- Appropriate Use
- Prophylaxis and treatment of UTI's.
- Spectrum
- Active against E. coli, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, and enterococci.
- Precautions
- Pregnancy category B.
- Can cause peripheral neuropathy and pulmonary fibrosis.
- Causes brown discoloration of urine.
- Don't use in patients with renal insufficiency (Creat. clearance <50 ml/min).
- Adult Dose
- PO: 50 mg qid (UTI)
- PO: 100 mg bid (UTI) (Macrobid)
- PO: 50 - 100 mg qHS (prophylaxis)
- Cost
- $15 for 7 days
- Quinupristin / dalfopristin (Synercid)
- Appropriate Use
- Indicated for IV treatment of bacteremia and life-threatening infections due to vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium. Also indicated for complicated skin and skin structure infections due to Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes.
- Spectrum
- Active against E. faeciem but not E. faecalis. Also active against methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant S. aureus and S. epidermidis and penicillin-sensitive and penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. In vitro activity against N. meningitidis, M. catarrhalis, Legionella pneumophila, M. pneumoniae, and C. perfringens.
- Adult Dose
- For bacteremia, 7.5 mg/kg q8h IV
- For skin and skin structure infections, 7.5 mg/kg q12h IV
- Cost
- Approx. $3000 for 10 day treatment of 65kg patient.
Tetracycline
- Trimethoprim (Trimpex)
- Appropriate Use
- Uncomplicated urinary tract infections.
- Urinary tract prophylaxis.
- Spectrum
-
- Precautions
- Generally doesn't cause skin reactions as may happen with TMP/SMX.
- Adult Dose
- PO 100 mg bid (UTI).
- PO 100 mg qHS (prophylaxis).
- Cost
- Inexpensive.
- Trimethoprim / Sulfa (Bactrim, Septra)
- Appropriate Use
- Prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections.
- Penetrates into prostatic fluid, so suitable for prostatitis.
- Spectrum
- Gram (+) organisms and Gram (-) bacilli.
- Does not cover S. pyogenes, enterococci, or Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
- Precautions
- May cause photosensitivity.
- Contraindicated in 3rd trimester of pregnancy.
- Adult Dose
- PO 80/400 mg qHS (prophylaxis)
PO 160/800 mg q12h
IV 160/800 mg q12h - Cost
- Inexpensive.
- Vancomycin (Vancocin)
- Appropriate Use
- Drug of choice for methicillin-resistant Staph aureus.
- Can be given PO for C. difficile, but metronidazole is preferred.
Vancomycin is very expensive treatment for C. difficile, reserve for resistant strains. - Spectrum
- Gram (+) organisms.
- Precautions
-
- Adult Dose
- IV 1.0 gm q12h
- Cost
-
Penicillins
Ampicillin
- Appropriate Use
- Used IV for treatment of neonatal meningitis to cover Listeria.
- Spectrum
- Includes Leptospira, Listeria.
- Precautions
- Don't use orally; causes more GI effects than amoxicillin.
- Adult Dose
- Leptospirosis: 0.5 - 1.0 gm IV q 6 hr
- Cost
-
- Ampicillin/Sulbactam (Unasyn)
- Appropriate Use
-
- Spectrum
- Gram (+), gram (-), anaerobes.
- Precautions
-
- Adult Dose
-
- Cost
-
- Amoxicillin (Amoxil)
- Appropriate Use
- Drug of choice for acute otitis media.
- A CDC recommended regimen for treating chlamydia in pregnancy, but no advantage over other drugs OK for pregnancy.
- Spectrum
-
- Precautions
-
- Adult Dose
- PO: 250-500 mg tid x 7d.
- PO: 500-875 mg bid.
- Cost
- $8 /7d
Amoxicillin/Clavulanate (Augmentin)
- Oxacillin (trade name)
- Appropriate Use
- For staphylococcal infections.
- Spectrum
-
- Precautions
-
- Adult Dose
-
- Cost
-
- Penicillin G
Penicillin G Benzathine (Bicillin LA)
Penicillin V Potassium (Pen VK, V-cillin K, etc.) - Appropriate Use
-
- Spectrum
- Streptococci, Listeria, Neisseria, Leptospira, anaerobes (except B. fragilis).
- Precautions
-
- Adult Dose
- Leptospirosis: 20-24 million units IV divided q 6 hr.
- Cost
-
- Piperacillin (Pipracil)
- Appropriate Use
-
- Spectrum
- Usual penicillin spectrum plus Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Moraxella catarrhalis.
- Precautions
-
- Adult Dose
- IM 2 gm
IV 2-4 gm - Cost
-
- Piperacillin/Tazobactam (Zosyn)
- Appropriate Use
- Beta-lactam inhibitor used for broad coverage including Pseudomonas.
- Spectrum
-
- Precautions
- If given concurrently with an aminoglycoside, separate administration times by at least 30-60 minutes.
- Adjust dose for renal insufficiency. For CrCl 20-40 ml/min, decrease dose by 30%. For CrCl < 20 ml/min, decrease dose by 30% and give q 8 hr.
- Adult Dose
- IV 3.375 gm q 6 hr
- Cost
-
- Ticarcillin/Clavulanate (Timentin)
- Appropriate Use
- Beta-lactam inhibitor used for broad coverage including Pseudomonas.
- Spectrum
-
- Precautions
-
- Adult Dose
-
- Cost
-
Quinolones (general considerations)
- Several generations available.
- Initially predominantly gram (-) agents.
- Active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
- Five newer agents have different spectra of activity.
- Coverage of Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, and Legionella.
- Less active against Pseudomonas.
- Active against penicillin-resistant Strep. pneumoniae.
- All quinolones are contraindicated in pregnancy or in children.
- All are relatively expensive.
- Choice of agent by organism:
- Pseudomonas
- ciprofloxacin
- Mycoplasma
- levofloxacin
- gatifloxacin
- moxifloxacin
- Chlamydia trachomatis
- ofloxacin
- N. gonorrhoeae
- ciprofloxacin
- ofloxacin
- Streptococcus pneumoniae
- levofloxacin
- gatifloxacin
- moxifloxacin
- are better than ciprofloxacin
- Anaerobes
- gatifloxacin
- moxifloxacin
- are better than levofloxacin
- UTI treatment
- ciprofloxacin
- ofloxacin
- Safety
- ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, levofloxacin
- are safer than gatifloxacin, moxifloxacin
- are safer than sparfloxacin
- is safer than trovafloxacin
Quinolones (first generation)
Nalidixic acid (NegGram)
Quinolones (second generation)
- Ciprofloxacin (Cipro)
- Appropriate Use
- Quinolone of choice for Pseudomonas. Also a good choice for prostatitis, gonorrhea.
- UTI's if Pseudomonas is a consideration.
- Spectrum
- Gram (-) organisms.
- Precautions
- Do not use in pregnancy or pediatrics.
- Adult Dose
- 250-500 mg bid x 7-10 d.
- Cost
- $70-83 / 10d
- Ofloxacin (Floxin)
- Appropriate Use
- Quinolone of choice for Chlamydia (but no more effective against Chlamydia than azithromycin or doxycycline.
- Spectrum
- Gram negatives, some atypicals. Ciprofloxacin more effective for Pseudomonas.
- Precautions
- Contraindicated in pregnancy and in children.
- Adult Dose
- PO: 200-400 mg bid x 7-10d.
- Cost
- $80-100 / 10d
Quinolones (third generation)
- Levofloxacin (Levaquin)
- Appropriate Use
- Sinusitis, chronic bronchitis, community-acquired pneumonia, skin infections, UTI, acute pyelonephritis.
- Spectrum
- Narrower coverage than 4th generation quinolones.
- Inferior to ciprofloxacin for Pseudomonas.
- Precautions
- Good safety profile. Do not use in pregnancy or in children.
- Dosage or dosing interval needs to be adjusted if renal impairment.
- Adult Dose
- PO 500 mg qd.
IV 500 mg qd. - Cost
- PO $85 for 10 days.
IV $40 per day.
Quinolones (fourth generation)
- Gatifloxacin (Tequin)
- Appropriate Use
- Community-acquired pneumonia, chronic bronchitis, acute sinusitis, UTI, pyelonephritis, gonorrhea.
- Spectrum
-
- Precautions
- Potentially a cause of QT prolongation.
- Interacts with digoxin and possibly coumadin.
- Adult Dose
- PO 400 mg qd.
IV 400 mg qd. - Cost
- PO $70 for 10 days.
IV $39 per day.
- Moxifloxacin (Avalox)
- Appropriate Use
- Community-acquired pneumonia, chronic bronchitis, acute sinusitis.
- Spectrum
-
- Precautions
- Causes QT interval prolongation.
- Dosage adjustment NOT needed for renal impairment.
- Adult Dose
- PO or IV 400 mg qd for 5-14 days.
- Cost
- PO: $87 for 10 days.